The growing concerns about air pollution and its harmful effects on human health and climate change have led to increasingly stringent vehicular emission norms. These regulations have contributed to significant reductions in carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter from transportation sources. The European Union’s Euro 7 standard, set to take effect in 2026, further tightens these limits by establishing a threshold for 10 nanometer particulate matter emissions and requiring low-temperature emissions testing at -7°C.
Analysis of spray impingement and wall film formation in direct injection engines
